Secondary 4 Math: a checklist for mastering geometric concepts

Secondary 4 Math: a checklist for mastering geometric concepts

Mastering Congruence and Similarity

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Let's Get Started: Your Map to Mastering Secondary 4 Math

** Welcome, parents and students, to our exciting journey through the **Secondary 4 Math Syllabus**! Imagine you're a mathematician adventurer, about to explore the fascinating world of geometric concepts. Today, we're focusing on **congruence and similarity**, two powerful tools that will help you navigate this mathematical landscape. **

First Stop: Congruent Triangles

** Picture this: you're in a furniture store, and you need to decide if two tables are exactly the same. You can't just look at them from afar; you need to check their sides and angles. That's what we do with **congruent triangles**! They are triangles that are exactly the same shape and size. In Singapore's **Secondary 4 Math Syllabus**, you'll learn to identify congruent triangles using Side-Angle-Side (SAS), Angle-Side-Angle (ASA), and Side-Side-Side (SSS) criteria. *Fun fact alert!* The ancient Greeks were so obsessed with perfect shapes that they believed the universe was built on geometric principles. Talk about taking math to the next level! **

Next Destination: Similar Triangles

** Now, what if the tables in our store are not exactly the same but are similar in shape? That's where **similar triangles** come in. They have the same shape but not necessarily the same size. In our math adventure, we use the properties of similar triangles to solve real-life problems, like calculating heights of buildings or distances of stars (yes, really!). *Interesting factoid!* The first known use of similar triangles was by the ancient Egyptian mathematician, Ahmes, around 1650 BCE. In Singapore's demanding secondary education environment, the shift out of primary education introduces students to increasingly intricate mathematical concepts like basic algebra, whole numbers, and geometric principles, these often prove challenging without adequate preparation. A lot of families prioritize supplementary learning to fill learning discrepancies and foster an enthusiasm for math from the start. 1 to 1 maths tuition provides targeted , MOE-aligned sessions using qualified instructors that highlight problem-solving strategies, personalized guidance, and engaging activities for constructing core competencies. Such courses frequently feature small class sizes to enhance engagement and regular assessments for measuring improvement. Ultimately, committing in this early support not only boosts academic performance while also equips early teens for higher secondary challenges and long-term success within STEM disciplines.. In Singapore's competitive secondary education structure, learners preparing for O-Level exams often face intensified challenges regarding maths, featuring sophisticated subjects like trig functions, introductory calculus, and coordinate geometry, that demand solid comprehension plus practical usage. Guardians frequently seek targeted support to make sure their adolescents are able to manage curriculum requirements while developing test assurance via focused exercises plus techniques. math tuition delivers crucial support using MOE-compliant syllabi, qualified educators, plus materials like previous exam papers and practice assessments to address individual weaknesses. The initiatives emphasize issue-resolution strategies effective scheduling, assisting students achieve improved scores for O-Level results. In the end, committing in this support also equips students ahead of national tests while also builds a firm groundwork in higher learning across STEM areas.. He used them to solve problems involving the volume of granaries. Now that's what we call a practical application! **

Scale Drawings: Your Map to the Real World

** Remember when you drew a map of your neighborhood for a school project? That's a **scale drawing**, and it's a crucial part of our math journey. In the **Secondary 4 Math Syllabus**, you'll learn to create and interpret scale drawings to solve real-world problems. It's like having a secret code to decode the world around you! *History lesson!* The earliest known scale drawings date back to ancient Babylon, around 2000 BCE. They used them to survey land and plan cities. Talk about being ahead of the game! **

Angle Properties: The Compass Guiding Your Way

** Imagine you're lost in the jungle, and you have a compass. It helps you find your way by telling you about the angles between you and the north. In our math jungle, **angle properties** guide us. They help us understand and prove relationships between lines and angles in triangles and other shapes. Isn't that cool? **

Now, Let's Spice Things Up with Some Singlish!

** You know what they say, "cannot have all play, must also have some work". So, hor, let's get down to business and master these concepts. Remember, "no shortcut, must walk the long road first". But don't worry, once you "get the hang", it will be "like riding a bicycle", you won't forget! In Singapore's pressure-filled academic landscape, Primary 6 represents the culminating year of primary education, during which students bring together accumulated knowledge in preparation for the all-important PSLE, confronting more challenging topics such as advanced fractions, geometry proofs, speed and rate problems, and comprehensive revision strategies. Guardians often notice the escalation in complexity could result in anxiety or gaps in understanding, particularly in mathematics, prompting the need for professional help to refine skills and exam techniques. At this critical phase, when each point matters in securing secondary spots, extra initiatives prove essential for focused strengthening and building self-assurance. h2 math online tuition offers in-depth , PSLE-oriented sessions matching the latest MOE syllabus, featuring practice tests, error analysis classes, and adaptive teaching methods to handle unique student demands. Experienced educators stress time management and complex cognitive skills, helping learners tackle even the toughest questions smoothly. In summary, this specialized support also elevates performance in the upcoming national exam and additionally cultivates discipline and a love toward maths extending to secondary levels and beyond.. **

Your North Star: The Future of Math

** As we reach the end of our journey, remember that mastering congruence and similarity is just the beginning. These skills will serve you well in **Secondary 4 Math** and beyond. So, keep exploring, keep questioning, and keep learning. The world of math is full of mysteries waiting for you to unravel. *What if* you could use math to design the next big thing, or solve the world's biggest problems? That's the power of math, and that's what makes it so exciting. So, go on, be the math adventurer you were always meant to be!

Exploring Circular Concepts

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Mastering Geometric Concepts in Secondary 4 Math

Hello, Singapore parents and secondary 4 students! Today, we're going to dive into the fascinating world of circular concepts in your Secondary 4 Math Syllabus Singapore. So, grab your calculators and let's get started!

Inscribed Angles: The Circle's Secret Agents

Imagine a circle as a secret agent's hideout. Inscribed angles are like the agents' secret messages. They always sum up to 360 degrees, just like how 24 hours in a day add up to a full cycle. Isn't that interesting?

Circumference: The Circle's Perimeter Pal

Ever tried to walk around a giant circle? That's what circumference is - the distance around a circle. It's like the circle's best buddy, always sticking by its side. Here's a fun fact: If you could walk around the Earth's equator, you'd cover about 40,000 km - that's a lot of steps!

In Singapore's structured secondary education framework, Sec 2 pupils begin tackling increasingly complex mathematical topics including equations with squares, congruent figures, plus data statistics, that build on Secondary 1 basics and equip for upper secondary demands. Parents often look for supplementary resources to help their children cope with this increased complexity while sustaining regular improvement amidst educational demands. Singapore maths tuition guide provides personalized , Ministry of Education-aligned classes with skilled instructors who use engaging resources, practical illustrations, plus targeted exercises to strengthen comprehension plus test strategies. Such sessions promote independent problem-solving and handle specific challenges including manipulating algebra. In the end, these specialized programs enhances general results, minimizes anxiety, and creates a firm course for O-Level success and ongoing educational goals..

Area: The Circle's Filling Friend

Area is like the circle's filling friend, measuring how much it can hold. It's calculated by the formula πr², where r is the radius. Speaking of π, did you know its value is so precise that it's calculated to trillions of digits? Now that's what you call precision!

Arcs and Theorems: The Circle's Puzzle Pieces

Arcs are like the circle's puzzle pieces. They help us understand and solve problems. Theorems like the Inscribed Angle Theorem (an inscribed angle is half the measure of its intercepted arc) are like the instructions that help us put these puzzles together.

Secondary 4 Math Syllabus Overview: Your Journey Ahead

From inscribed angles to arcs, your Secondary 4 Math Syllabus Singapore is like a exciting journey around the circle. So, buckle up, and let's explore these circular concepts together!

Now, here's a what if question to ponder: What if we could find a circle in outer space with a circumference equal to the distance from the Earth to the Moon? Wouldn't that be an amazing sight?

In Singaporean secondary-level learning landscape, the shift from primary into secondary introduces learners to more abstract maths principles such as algebraic equations, geometry, and data management, that can be daunting lacking suitable direction. Numerous parents recognize that this transitional phase needs supplementary strengthening to assist teens adjust to the heightened demands and maintain solid scholastic results in a competitive system. Drawing from the foundations laid during pre-PSLE studies, dedicated initiatives are vital for addressing unique hurdles and encouraging self-reliant reasoning. JC 2 math tuition delivers customized sessions in sync with Singapore MOE guidelines, integrating engaging resources, step-by-step solutions, and practice challenges for making studies captivating and effective. Qualified educators prioritize bridging knowledge gaps from primary levels as they present approaches tailored to secondary. Ultimately, this early support doesn't just improves marks and assessment competence and additionally nurtures a more profound enthusiasm toward maths, equipping students toward O-Level excellence and further..

Triangle Trigonometry

SOHCAHTOA Basics

SOHCAHTOA is the acronym that every Secondary 4 Math student in Singapore learns to remember the trigonometric ratios. It stands for Sine (opposite/hypotenuse), Cosine (adjacent/hypotenuse), and Tangent (opposite/adjacent). Mastering these ratios is key to solving for sides and angles in right-angled triangles, a fundamental concept in your secondary 4 math syllabus.

Pythagorean Theorem

The Pythagorean theorem is another crucial part of your secondary 4 math syllabus. It's used to find the length of the hypotenuse (c) in a right-angled triangle, given the lengths of the other two sides (a and b). The formula is a² + b² = c². This theorem is named after the ancient Greek mathematician Pythagoras, who is said to have been so excited by its discovery that he offered a sacrifice to the gods.

Special Right Triangles

Remembering the properties of special right triangles, like the 45-45-90 and 30-60-90 triangles, can save you time and make your calculations easier. The 45-45-90 triangle has legs of equal length, and the hypotenuse is √2 times the length of a leg. The 30-60-90 triangle has sides in the ratio 1:√3:2, making it a useful tool for solving problems involving these angles and side lengths.

Trigonometric Functions

In your secondary 4 math syllabus, you'll also learn to apply trigonometric functions to non-right-angled triangles. As Singaporean educational structure imposes a heavy emphasis on maths proficiency right from the beginning, guardians have been progressively favoring structured help to enable their youngsters handle the rising complexity in the syllabus in the early primary years. As early as Primary 2, pupils meet progressive concepts including regrouped addition, introductory fractions, and measuring, which develop from basic abilities and prepare the base for sophisticated analytical thinking demanded for future assessments. Recognizing the benefit of ongoing support to stop early struggles and encourage passion toward math, numerous opt for tailored programs matching Singapore MOE directives. math tuition singapore offers specific , interactive sessions created to make such ideas approachable and pleasurable through practical exercises, graphic supports, and personalized feedback from experienced tutors. This approach also aids kids overcome immediate classroom challenges and additionally develops logical skills and resilience. Over time, these initial efforts leads to smoother academic progression, reducing stress when learners approach key points such as PSLE and establishing a optimistic trajectory for lifelong learning.. To do this, you'll need to understand how to use the sine, cosine, and tangent ratios for any angle, not just 90 degrees. This involves using the unit circle and the definitions of the trigonometric functions.

Solving for Angles

Sometimes, you'll need to solve for the angles in a triangle, not just the sides. To do this, you can use the inverse trigonometric functions: arcsine (ASIN), arccosine (ACOS), and arctangent (ATAN). These functions are the 'inverse' of the sine, cosine, and tangent functions, and they'll give you the angle whose trigonometric ratio is the number you input.

In Singaporean high-speed and academically rigorous landscape, guardians acknowledge that establishing a strong academic foundation right from the beginning can make a profound impact in a child's upcoming accomplishments. The path toward the Primary School Leaving Examination (PSLE) starts long before the exam year, since early habits and skills in disciplines including mathematics set the tone for advanced learning and problem-solving abilities. With early preparations in the initial primary years, learners are able to dodge common pitfalls, develop self-assurance over time, and cultivate a optimistic mindset towards tough topics set to become harder in subsequent years. math tuition centers in Singapore serves a crucial function as part of this proactive plan, delivering child-friendly, interactive sessions that introduce basic concepts such as simple numerals, forms, and simple patterns in sync with the Singapore MOE program. Such courses use enjoyable, interactive techniques to arouse enthusiasm and avoid knowledge deficiencies from developing, promoting a seamless advancement through subsequent grades. Finally, committing in this initial tutoring not only alleviates the stress from the PSLE but also arms kids with lifelong thinking tools, offering them a advantage in Singapore's achievement-oriented society..

Understanding Congruent Triangles

Identify and prove congruent triangles using AA (Angle-Angle), SAS (Side-Angle-Side), SSS (Side-Side-Side) criteria. Apply these criteria to solve problems involving congruent triangles.

Solving Problems Involving Trigonometry

Understand and apply the sine, cosine, and tangent ratios in right-angled triangles. Solve problems involving angles, sides, and distances using these ratios.

Calculating Circumference and Area of Circles

Calculate the circumference using the formula C = 2πr and the area using the formula A = πr². Solve problems involving circles, such as finding the radius given the circumference or area.

Area and Volume Calculations

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Mastering Geometric Concepts: A Secondary 4 Math Checklist

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Embarking on the Journey: A Brief History

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Imagine stepping back in time to ancient Egypt, where mathematicians were already calculating areas and volumes. They used these skills to build their grand pyramids. Fast forward to modern-day Singapore, where the Secondary 4 Math Syllabus continues this legacy, equipping students with these essential skills.

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Navigating the Syllabus: Key Concepts

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Think of the syllabus as a treasure map, with each subject a clue leading to the ultimate prize - mastery of geometric concepts. Here are some key areas to explore:

  • Polygons and Circles: The Building Blocks
  • From triangles to pentagons, understanding the areas of polygons is like learning to build with different Lego blocks. And don't forget circles, the round cousins of polygons, with their unique formula for area.

  • Composite Shapes: The Puzzles
  • Composite shapes are like jigsaw puzzles. Break them down into simpler shapes, calculate their areas, and then put them back together.

  • Prisms and Cylinders: The Three-Dimensional Challenge
  • Ready to step into the third dimension? Prisms and cylinders are like 3D versions of their 2D counterparts. Calculating their volumes is like unraveling a mystery.

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Fun Fact: The Story of Pi

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Did you know that the ancient Babylonians and Egyptians calculated the value of Pi (π) to be between 3.12 and 3.16? It wasn't until the 17th century that it was proven to be an irrational number - it never ends, and never repeats!

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The Power of Practice: Tips for Mastery

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Mastering these concepts is like learning a new language. In Singapore's rigorous educational structure, the Primary 3 level represents a significant shift in which students delve deeper into subjects including multiplication tables, fractions, and simple data analysis, expanding upon previous basics to ready for more advanced critical thinking. A lot of parents realize that classroom pacing by itself might not be enough for every child, motivating their search for additional support to foster interest in math and stop beginning errors from forming. At this juncture, customized educational support is crucial to sustain learning progress and promoting a growth mindset. best maths tuition centre provides targeted, MOE-compliant guidance via compact class groups or individual coaching, focusing on creative strategies and graphic supports to demystify complex ideas. Instructors frequently integrate game-based features and ongoing evaluations to monitor advancement and boost motivation. Ultimately, such forward-thinking action also boosts current results but also establishes a solid foundation for thriving at advanced primary stages and the upcoming PSLE.. You need to practice, practice, practice. Make it fun with games, or apply what you've learned to real-life situations. Remember, every mistake is a stepping stone to success.

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The Future of Math: Where to from Here?

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Who knows what the future holds? Maybe one day, Singapore's Secondary 4 students will be calculating the areas and volumes of shapes not yet discovered. The possibilities are endless, and your child's journey starts here.

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Calling All Parents and Students: Let's Get Started!

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So, are you ready to dive into the world of area and volume calculations? With the right tools, a curious mind, and a little bit of Singapore can-do spirit, there's no limit to what you can achieve. In Singapore, the education framework culminates primary schooling with a national examination designed to measure pupils' scholastic performance and decides placement in secondary schools. Such assessment is administered every year for students at the end in primary school, highlighting essential topics to gauge general competence. The Junior College math tuition functions as a benchmark in determining entry to suitable secondary programs according to results. It includes areas such as English Language, Maths, Sciences, and native languages, featuring structures refreshed occasionally to reflect academic guidelines. Grading relies on Achievement Levels spanning 1 through 8, where the aggregate PSLE mark is the sum of per-subject grades, influencing upcoming learning paths.. Let's get started, lah!

3D Geometric Concepts

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Mastering Secondary 4 Math: Your 3D Geometric Concepts Checklist

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Welcome, Math Adventurers!

** Ever wondered what makes those towering skyscrapers in Marina Bay Sands stand tall and proud? Or how our MRT trains seem to disappear into the horizon? The magic behind these feats lies in the realm of **3D Geometric Concepts**, a fascinating part of your Secondary 4 Math Syllabus Singapore. **

Vanishing Points: The Magic behind Perspective

** Imagine you're standing at the edge of Clarke Quay, gazing at the Singapore River. As the river stretches out, it appears to meet at a single point, far away. That, my friends, is a **vanishing point**! In the 3D world, vanishing points help us create the illusion of depth and distance, much like how a skilled artist would draw the river. *Fun Fact:* Did you know that the concept of vanishing points was first introduced by Filippo Brunelleschi, an Italian architect, in the early 15th century? He used it to create perspective in his paintings, revolutionizing the art world! **

Parallel Lines: The Unseen Friends of Geometry

** In Singaporean achievement-oriented education structure, the Primary 4 stage functions as a crucial milestone where the curriculum escalates featuring subjects like decimal operations, balance and symmetry, and basic algebra, challenging learners to use reasoning through organized methods. A lot of households recognize the standard school sessions by themselves may not completely cover individual learning paces, leading to the pursuit of additional resources to reinforce concepts and sustain lasting engagement in mathematics. As preparation for the PSLE increases, regular practice becomes key for conquering these building blocks minus stressing young minds. Singapore exams provides tailored , engaging instruction aligned with MOE standards, incorporating everyday scenarios, brain teasers, and tech aids to transform theoretical concepts relatable and exciting. Experienced instructors prioritize spotting shortcomings promptly and turning them into strengths with incremental support. Over time, this dedication fosters resilience, better grades, and a effortless transition into upper primary stages, preparing learners along a route toward educational achievement.. Remember those endless parallel roads on the Pan Island Expressway? They never meet, no matter how far they stretch. That's the beauty of **parallel lines**! In 3D space, parallel lines help us understand and visualize planes, giving us the foundation to explore solid geometry. *Interesting Fact:* In 1828, Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel proved that there are no parallel lines in space. Instead, they exist on planes! **

Planes: The Building Blocks of Space

** Think of a plane as a flat surface that can extend infinitely in all directions. It's like a vast, empty canvas waiting for your imagination to paint on. In the 3D world, planes are the building blocks that help us understand and visualize solid geometry. *History Lesson:* The concept of planes has been around since ancient times. The ancient Greeks, like Euclid, used planes to build their geometric theories, which still form the backbone of modern mathematics. **

Solid Geometry: The Masters of 3D

** Now that you've got the basics down, it's time to dive into the world of **solid geometry**. From cubes and spheres to cones and pyramids, solids are the 3D shapes that fill our world. Understanding them is key to mastering your Secondary 4 Math syllabus. *What If...?* What if Singapore's iconic Merlion were a perfect cone? How tall would it be, and how much ice cream would you need to fill it? **

Drawing Your Way to Mastery

** Drawing is not just for artists; it's a powerful tool for understanding and mastering geometric concepts. So, grab your pencils, and let's sketch our way through the 3D world! *Tip:* Try drawing a cube in perspective. It's not as easy as it seems, but with practice, you'll be drawing like a pro in no time! **

You're Almost There!

** Mastering 3D geometric concepts is like navigating the bustling streets of Little India. It might seem daunting at first, but with each step, you'll find yourself understanding and appreciating the beauty of geometry a little more. *Encouragement:* Remember, every mistake is a step closer to mastery. So, don't be afraid to make them. Keep practicing, keep learning, and soon, you'll be a 3D geometry whiz! **

The Future: Beyond the 3D Horizon

** As you journey through your Secondary 4 Math syllabus Singapore, remember that geometry is not just about passing exams. It's about understanding and appreciating the world around us. So, keep exploring, keep questioning, and who knows? You might just be the next great mathematician to change the world! *Call to Action:* So, math adventurers, are you ready to embark on your 3D geometric journey? The world of geometry awaits!

Transformations and Symmetry

Secondary 4 Math: Your Ultimate Guide to Mastering Geometric Concepts

Horizon Check: Where Are We Headed?

Imagine you're a detective, and the clues to solving a mystery are hidden in shapes and their movements. That's exactly what you'll be doing in your Secondary 4 Math journey, unraveling the puzzle of geometric transformations and symmetry. So, buckle up as we dive into the fascinating world of reflections, rotations, translations, and compositions, all aligned with the Secondary 4 Math Syllabus Singapore by the Ministry of Education.

The Grand Tour: A Journey Through Secondary 4 Math

🌟 Reflections: The Mirrored World

Remember looking at yourself in the mirror as a kid, trying to figure out which side was 'left' and which was 'right'? That's essentially the concept of reflections! As year five in primary introduces a heightened layer of intricacy within Singapore's maths program, featuring ideas such as ratios, percent computations, angular measurements, and complex verbal questions demanding more acute analytical skills, guardians frequently seek methods to make sure their youngsters stay ahead while avoiding frequent snares of confusion. This period proves essential since it directly bridges to PSLE preparation, where cumulative knowledge undergoes strict evaluation, rendering prompt support crucial in fostering resilience for addressing step-by-step queries. As stress building, specialized support aids in turning possible setbacks to avenues for development and expertise. h2 math tuition arms pupils via tactical resources and customized guidance aligned to Ministry of Education standards, utilizing techniques such as model drawing, graphical bars, and timed exercises to explain intricate topics. Committed tutors prioritize understanding of ideas over rote learning, fostering dynamic dialogues and fault examination to impart self-assurance. At year's close, enrollees typically exhibit significant progress for assessment preparedness, paving the way to a smooth shift onto Primary 6 plus more within Singapore's intense educational scene.. In the Secondary 4 Math Syllabus, reflections are introduced as transformations that map each point to its image over a line, known as the axis of symmetry.

🎨 Fun Fact: Leonardo da Vinci was a master of reflection symmetry. He often painted scenes with perfect mirror images, like the 'Last Supper' where the apostles are symmetrically placed around Jesus.

🧐 Rotations: Spinning a Tale

Ever played spin the bottle? That's basically a real-life example of a rotation! In Secondary 4 Math, rotations are transformations that map each point to a point a certain distance from the original, measured in degrees or radians.

🌍 Interesting Fact: Did you know the Earth rotates once every 24 hours? This is a gigantic rotation, with the North Pole completing a full 360-degree turn!

🚀 Translations: A Journey Without Rotation

Translations are like going on a road trip. You're moving, but you're not spinning or turning. In Secondary 4 Math, translations are transformations that map each point to a point a certain distance away, in a straight line.

🤔 Compositions: The Art of Mixing Transformations

Compositions are like creating a masterpiece by combining different techniques. In Secondary 4 Math, compositions are transformations formed by combining reflections, rotations, and translations.

🎭 A Tale of Two Shapes: The Unsung Heroes of Symmetry

Symmetry is like having a best friend who's your mirror image. In Secondary 4 Math, symmetry is a property of shapes where one half is the mirror image of the other. Some shapes with interesting symmetry stories are:

  • Equilateral Triangles: Each angle is 60 degrees, and they're symmetrical about their three sides and three altitudes.
  • Regular Polygons: These are symmetrical about their sides and diagonals. Fun fact: The more sides a regular polygon has, the more symmetrical it becomes!

The Pivotal Point: Why Mastering These Concepts Matters

Understanding transformations and symmetry is not just about acing your Secondary 4 Math exams. It's about seeing the world through a different lens. It's about appreciating the beauty in balance, the harmony in repetition, and the intricacy in simplicity.

The Call to Adventure: Embrace the Journey

So, Singapore parents and Secondary 4 students, are you ready to embark on this exciting journey? Remember, mastering geometric concepts is like learning a new language. It takes practice, patience, and a willingness to explore. So, grab your math books, sharpen your pencils, and let's transform and symmetrize our way to math mastery!

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Frequently Asked Questions

In geometry, angles can be classified into several types: acute (less than 90 degrees), obtuse (greater than 90 degrees), right (equal to 90 degrees), straight (180 degrees), and reflex (greater than 180 degrees but less than 360 degrees).
The measure of an angle cannot be determined solely from its side lengths. It requires additional information, such as the measure of a related angle or the length of a specific side.
A perpendicular line is a line that intersects another line at a 90-degree angle. It forms a right angle with the other line and is often denoted by a small square drawn at the point of intersection.
The sum of the angles in a triangle is always 180 degrees. This is a fundamental property of triangles and is often used to solve problems involving angles.
The area of a triangle can be calculated using the formula: (1/2) * base * height. In this formula, the base and height are the lengths of two sides of the triangle that form a right angle with each other.